Ground anchors are used to secure retaining walls during excavation works to prevent the wall from moving. Ground anchor is usually designed to prevent deformation of the ground or retained structure with the application of Self Drilling Anchor (SDA)/Hollow Bar Micropile.
CHARACTERISTICS AND APPLICATION OF MICROPILE
Pile foundation is consisted and connected with the pile and pile cap on the top of pile. As an ancient type of pile foundation, pile foundation technology has experienced thousands of years of development process. Both material and type of pile, pile driving machinery and construction method has a great development and formed a modern infrastructure system. With the development of pile foundation, micropile technology had been invented and developed by Murthy et al. 2002. The miniature pile diameter less than 300 mm in general, generally refers to pile slenderness ratio of more than 30 small diameter pile type. The kind of pile was put forward by the Italian f. lizzi in the 1950s by, and developed by Fondedile company first. Of late, technological advancement in machinery has made it possible for micropile of much greater diameters to be constructed.
In the past micropile was only used when the ground conditions warranted it because of considerations on cost and speed by Juran et al. 1999. Micropile is slow because of the drilling and flushing process, it might takes minutes or hours to complete. But the trend is such, micropile is now gaining greater popularity and getting wider acceptance because of the requirement to comply with no noise and low vibration regulations, expecially in congested environments. These micropiles can extend to depths of 200 feet and can take loads as small as 3 tons or as high as 200 tons.
Generally, micropiles are applicable when there are problems with using conventional deep foundation systems by. These problem conditions include: obstructions, adjacent structures, limited access job sites, and other shaky areas like caves, sinkholes, underground rivers. For example, micropiles are commonly the preferred foundation choice in the challenging areas that feature nearby buildings and difficult access.
Micropiles are an ideal pile for complex sites where low vibration or low noise levels are required, or where limited access such as low headroom and drilling is difficult.
Other site conditions that make micropiles attractive are: obstructions, large cobbles or boulders, nearby sensitive structures, karst topography or high groundwater conditions. The unique characteristics of micropiles make them a perfect solution when other deep foundation methods are not suitable.
The advantages of micropiles are shown as follows:
(1) Creates a pile with a relatively high axial load capacity
(2) Works in compression and tension
(3) Lightweight rotary percussive equipment can be used
(4) Easily installed within confined spaces
(5) No harmful vibrations or noise to surrounding structures
(6) Minimal spoil generation on contaminated sites
Based on those advantages, the applications of micropile are extesive, such as:
(1) Structural Support of Directly Loaded Piles
(2) New Foundatiions
(3) Underpinning of Existing Structures
(4) Seismic Retrofitting
(5) Reinforcement for Slope Stabilization and Settlement Reduction
(6) Support of Excavation - Soldier Piles
(7) Permanent Retaining Walls
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Micropiles, commonly referred to as “mini-piles,” are elements constructed using high-quality, durable, small-diameter steel casings or threaded bar. They’re most frequently used when installing a deep foundation. There are many reasons to use this pile type. Here are the most common reasons: To provide structural support To underpin your foundation To transfer loads To enhance mass stability This pile option will help you underpin your foundation, minimize foundation settlement, and are ideal when installing in areas with difficult soil makeup.
How Does the Micropile Installation Process Work? The first thing you need to do is dig a deep hole with a small diameter. Once you’ve cleared the space for the pile, you can lower that into the hole and apply torque to secure the pile. Then you fill the hole with a concrete grout mixture to keep everything in place. After you let the structure settle, you can apply a support system to the top of the pile. This will distribute weight evenly and guarantee good contact with the supported foundation.
What are the Benefits of Micropile?
This pile option is one of the most practical and cost-effective solutions. It offers easy installation with its compact, lightweight nature, and is great for confined or remote areas like steep slopes, basements, overpasses, and even river pier foundations and wetlands. It also can be installed at various angles and is capable of resisting axial and lateral loads. This option is ideal for rocky areas because they can be secured within the rock, and actually draw load bearing capabilities from it. It’s also more easily installed in congested areas, and since it’s installed vertically, it can be used for tight spaces that machines can’t get to. It’s great for situations when you actually need to repair your foundation. But its main benefit is that it’s durable and cost-effective and take far less time to install than other pile options.Foundations provide support for structures, transferring their load to layers of soil or rock that have sufficient bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. Very broadly, foundations can be categorised as shallow foundations or deep foundations. Pile foundations are deep foundations. They are formed by long, slender, columnar elements typically made from steel or reinforced concrete or sometimes timber. A foundation is described as piled when its depth is more than three times its breadth. Micropiles are piles that have a relatively small diameter, typically in the range of 100-250 mm. They can also be described as: Minipiles (generally mini piles are smaller than micro piles) Pin piles. Needle piles. Root piles. Lightweight piles. The size of the pile is determined by the load-bearing capacity of the ground and the size of rig that is able to access the piling location. They can be driven or screw piles and tend to be used where access is restricted, for example underpinning structures affected by settlement. They were first used in Italy in the 1950s in response to the demand for innovative underpinning techniques that could be used for historic buildings and monuments. They are particularly suited to: Shallow bedrock. Boulders and cavities. Immediate hard strata. Where underpinning is required, such as for foundations adjacent to planned excavations. Micropiles can also be used in combination with other ground modification techniques where complex site conditions and design specifications are present. In a typical installation process a high-strength steel casing is drilled down to the design depth. A reinforcing bar is inserted and high-strength cement grout pumped into the casing. The casing may extend along the full length of the pile, or it may only extend along part of the length of the pile, with the reinforcing bar extending along the full length. Drilling may be achieved by a removable bit, or by a sacrificial head to the steel casing. In some cases, the steel casing may be removed, or partially removed, and further grout pumped in at pressure. They can be installed in restricted access sites where there is low headroom by the use of lagging. This is where wood, steel or precast concrete panels are inserted behind the pile as the excavation proceeds so as to resist the load of the retained soil and transfer it to the pile. Greater capacity can be achieved by post-grouting within the bond length to increase frictional forces with surrounding soils. There are advantages of micropiles include: They are small and relatively light. They are relatively inexpensive. They can be installed through almost any ground condition, making them suitable for installation in environmentally-challenging conditions, such as for wind turbine towers. The limited vibration and noise causes little disturbance. Piling rigs can be low-emission or even electrically driven. They can be installed while avoiding existing utilities, meaning that expensive utility re-routing is not required. They can beinstalled close to existing walls with limited headroom and congested site conditions. They have a high load capacity and an ability to resist compressive, tensile and lateral loads.
